ITER Bias Filter
As a direct-facing plasma material, tungsten will be subjected to multiple effects of particles, light and heat when it is used in the reactor. [1]
The ITER divertor has an active cooling structure consisting of an internal divertor, an external divertor, a dome and other ancillary structures. [1][3] In 2013, ITER decided to use an all-tungsten divertor structure from the D-D discharge stage.
The divertor cooling adopts the technically mature water cooling method, and the heat sink selects CuCrZr with high thermal conductivity. [1]
Figure 2. Representative applications of W material in current large tokamaks in the world [1]
There are two types of ITER divertor W/Cu water-cooled parts (Fig. 2): one is a “through-tube” Mono-block structure for the inner and outer divertor target areas of higher heat flow; The multi-layer composite "flat-plate" structure is used for domes and reflectors with lower heat flow. [1]
Figure 3. A schematic diagram of W/Cu Mono-block and Flat-type plasma facing component for ITER [1][3]
Collimator
The collimator belongs to an optical element for input and output of an optical fiber communication optical device, it Is the medical accelerator radiation head component.
Gamma Tungsten Shield
The density of gamma tungsten shields is very high and the reduction in the physical dimensions of the shield components does not affect the effectiveness of their stiffness or shielding properties. [4] Tungsten gamma shielding offers superior value over traditional radiation shielding materials. High-density tungsten alloys can provide the same energy absorption. Lead uses less than 1/3 of the material. [4]
1. Tungsten Gamma Ray Shield for Geological Logging
Geological logging is an exploration technology mainly used in the oil and gas industry. It is also known as wire logging and well logging.Gamma ray sources are lowered into Wells and radiation penetrates through rock formations, and from this data can then be analyzed to determine whether there is gas or oil present.[4]Tungsten alloys are used in shielding radioactive sources and gamma ray collimators.
2. Industrial radiographs
Industrial radiographs use gamma ray inspection materials, often used to detect faults in metal and concrete structures.Tungsten gamma ray shielding is also used for pipeline alignment and tungsten collimator equipment.[4]
PEM
Tungsten (W) is the preferred plasma - oriented material (PFM) in fusion experimental reactor and DEMO reactor.[1] The ITER bias filter is made of tungsten/copper.
Medical Magnetic Shielding
Tungsten-nickel-iron series alloys have been used in the Co60 treatment machine for cancer radiotherapy and the bj-10 electron linear accelerator. [5]
References
[1] Feng Liu, Guangnan Luo, Qiang Li, Wanjing Wang. (2017). Application of Tungsten as a Plasma-facing Material in Nuclear Fusion Reactors. China Tungsten Industry: 32, (2), 41-48
[2] Zhende Huang, Fusheng Wang. (1997). Application and prospect of high density tungsten alloy in military industry. Hunan nonferrous metal:13, (3), 44-46
[3] M Wirtz, J Linke, Th Loewenhoff, G Pintsuk and I Uytdenhouwen. (2016). Thermal shock tests to qualify different tungsten grades as plasma facing material. Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung.
[4] Daniel R. McAlister, Ph.D. (1955). Gamma Ray Attenuation Properties of Common Shielding Materials. PG Research Foundation.
[5] Tungsten Medical Radiation Shielding. Retrieved on 21st May, 2019 from:
http://www.guangxitungsten.com/fm/1497696/tungsten-medical-radiation-shielding.pdf.