Properties

General information

Overview

Calcium phosphate bio-ceramics are used for scaffolds for bone metabolism and cartilage regeneration. Bone metabolism involves the resorption of existing bone by osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of a new bone matrix by osteoblasts. These are essential for bone remodeling, regeneration and repair. Tissue engineering requires a scaffold capable of supporting the functional properties of osteogenic cells.

Composition overview

Compositional summary

Trilcalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2, tetracalcium phosphate Ca4P2O9 and hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 are three calcium phosphates used as implant scaffold materials. The data below are for dense (<3% porosity) hydroxyapatite.

Material family	Ceramic (technical)
Base material	Other

Composition detail (metals, ceramics and glasses)

CaO (calcia)	55	-	59 %
Other oxide	41	-	43 %
Other	0	-	2 %

Price

Price	*	132	-	331	CNY/kg
Price per unit volume	*	4.04e5	-	1.04e6	CNY/m^3

Physical properties

Density

3.05e3

-

3.15e3

kg/m^3

Mechanical properties

Young's modulus	55		-	88	GPa
Specific stiffness	17.7		-	28.4	MN.m/kg
Yield strength (elastic limit)	*	28	-	48	MPa
Tensile strength	38		-	48	MPa
Specific strength	*	9.03	-	15.5	kN.m/kg
Elongation	*	0.04	-	0.09	% strain
Compressive modulus	*	55	-	88	GPa
Compressive strength	*	350	-	450	MPa
Flexural modulus		100	-	120	GPa
Flexural strength (modulus of rupture)	*	38	-	48	MPa
Shear modulus	*	21	-	33	GPa
Bulk modulus	*	55	-	88	GPa
Poisson's ratio	*	0.3	-	0.33
Shape factor	15
Hardness - Vickers		420	-	450	HV
Elastic stored energy (springs)	*	5.77	-	16.2	kJ/m^3
Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles	*	15.2	-	19.2	MPa

Impact & fracture properties

Fracture toughness	1	-	1.3	MPa.m^0.5
Toughness (G)	0.0135	-	0.0259	kJ/m^2

Thermal properties

Thermal conductivity		1.2	-	3	W/m.°C
Specific heat capacity		870	-	890	J/kg.°C
Thermal expansion coefficient		11.4	-	14	μstrain/°C
Thermal shock resistance	*	29.3	-	59.3	°C
Thermal distortion resistance	*	0.0944	-	0.239	MW/m

Magnetic properties

Magnetic type

Non-magnetic

Optical, aesthetic and acoustic properties

Transparency	Opaque
Acoustic velocity		4.18e3	-	5.37e3	m/s
Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta)	*	0.00175	-	0.0024

Critical materials risk

Contains >5wt% critical elements?

No

Durability

Water (fresh)	Excellent
Water (salt)	Excellent
Weak acids	Excellent
Strong acids	Acceptable
Weak alkalis	Acceptable
Strong alkalis	Unacceptable
Organic solvents	Excellent
Oxidation at 500C	Excellent
UV radiation (sunlight)	Excellent
Flammability	Non-flammable

Primary production energy, CO2 and water

Embodied energy, primary production	* 102 - 113 MJ/kg
CO2 footprint, primary production	* 5.51 - 6.09 kg/kg
Water usage	* 107 - 119 l/kg

Processing energy, CO2 footprint & water

Grinding energy (per unit wt removed)	*	24.8	-	27.4	MJ/kg
Grinding CO2 (per unit wt removed)	*	1.86	-	2.06	kg/kg

Recycling and end of life

Recycle	No
Recycle fraction in current supply	0.1 %
Downcycle	Yes
Combust for energy recovery	No
Landfill	Yes
Biodegrade	No

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