.

Electronic Structure
Electronic structure	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Valence	5
First ionization energy	7.29 eV
Second ionization energy	16.7 eV
Electronegativity (Pauling)	2.02
Fig2: Crystal structure



Physical property
Density at 300K	9.75 kg/
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus at 300K	34 GPa
Shear modulus at 300K	13.1 GPa
Bulk modulus at 300K	31.5 GPa
Poisson's ratio	0.33 GPa
Diffusion data
Pre-exponential, lattice self-diffusion	2.26
Activation energy, lattice self-diffusion	130 kJ/mol
Surface energies
Surface energy, liquid	0.378 J/
Magnetic properties
Magnetic classification	Diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	-16.5

Critical material information
In EU Critical list?
In US Critical list?
Abundance risk level	High
Environmental country risk Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)	3.67
Environmental country risk level	High
Sourcing and geopolitical risk Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI	4
Sourcing and geopolitical risk level	Very high
Price volatility	66.5 %
Price volatility risk	Very low

Crystal structure
Crystal structure	Rhombohedra
Space group	R3m
Lattice parameter, a	0.455 nm
Lattice parameter, c	1.190 nm
Atomic radius	0.155 nm
Atomic volume	35.6e-30
Molar volume	21.4e-3
State at 300K (Metal / Non-metal)	Metal
Phase at 300K (Solid / Liquid / Gas)	Solid
Thermal properties
Melting temperature	271 °C
Boiling point	1.61e3 °C
Heat of fusion	11.3 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	209 kJ/mol
Cohesive energy	210 kJ/mol
Thermal expansion coefficient at 300K	13.4 μstrain/°C
Specific heat capacity	120 J/kg.°C
Debye temperature	-154 °C
Thermal conductivity at 300K	7.87 W/m.°C
Nuclear properties
Neutron absorption cross section (0.025 eV)	33 Barns
Neutron scattering cross section (0.025 eV)	9 Barns
Binding energy per nucleon	7.85 keV
Geo-economic data
Typical exploited ore grade	0.424 %
Minimum economic ore grade	0.2 %
Abundance in the Earth's crust	37.9e-3 ppm
Abundance in seawater	89.4e-6 ppm
Annual world production	10.2e3 tonne/yr
World reserves	320e3 tonne
Main mining data (metric tonnes / yr)
Bolivia, 10 Canada, 50 China, 6.5 Mexico, 940 Other countries, 90

Principal uses and substitutes

35% used in fusible alloys, solders and ammunition cartridges, including use in wires, safety fuses and molded

Alternative: lead. Quality: good.

35% used in metallurgical additives for automobiles, planes, grip tubes, tools and Alternative: lead. Quality: adequate.

28% used in pharmaceuticals, particularly Alternative: magnesium compounds. Quality: good.

2% other uses, including pigments, dentistry, glass, enameled ceramics and plastic Alternative: N/A.

Property Profile of bismuth