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At present, the countries of the world pay more attention to environmental protection, as a 'green element', the scientific research of bismuth is becoming more and more deepen, and the use of deep processing products is increasing [1].
In this section, let us to explore the application of bismuth.
figure 1, the outline of the applications of bismuth
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Traditional industry ( application phase)
Bismuth drug [Bismuth compound]
In 1899, the syphilis was treated with bismuth drug, which was replaced by penicillin in 1940. After that, colloidal bismuth subnitrate (CBS) is widely used to treat peptic ulcer disease and has remarkable curative effect. In addition, bismuth is a typical alpha particle radiation with a half-life of one hour and can be used as a radiotherapy treatment for cancer. [2]
Cosmetic [Bismuth oxychloride]
Bismuth oxychloride is a new type of high-grade environmentally-friendly pearlescent material with smoothing effect. Its main features are low oil adsorption, non-toxicity and strong skin adhesion. [3] Currently, it is mainly used to formulate some cosmetics, such as eyeshadow, lipstick, fluff. [4]
Catalyst [Bismuth]
A molybdenum bismuth catalyst is used in a redox reaction. [5] For example:
CH2=CH-CH3 + O2 → CH2=CH-CHO + H2O
Yttrium bismuth catalyst, which is an yttria-doped material. The main application of this catalyst is to convert methane to ethane or ethylene by oxidative coupling reaction.
CH4 → C2H6 / CH2=CH2
Bismuth oxide is low in toxicity and produces less smoke. It is an ecologically safe material used to help solid fuels burn. [6]
Electroplating layer [Bismuth]
The bismuth metal is quite stable and has strong oxidation resistance. In the absence of oxygen, bismuth is insoluble in hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the electroplated bismuth layer can be used as a corrosion-resistant coating and a decorative coating. [7] For example, in the soldering of a transistor, the surface of the copper wire requires a coating containing a bismuth alloy.
Industrial pigment [Bismuth oxychloride]
As a pearlescent material, bismuth oxychloride can be used as an artificial pearl instead of lead carbonate or lead phosphate. Secondly, it is used in color glass, aerospace and military heat absorbing and ultraviolet absorbing metal coatings. [7]
Semiconductor [Bismuth alloy]
The two materials, selenium bismuth and antimony bismuth, have excellent thermoelectric properties, low thermal conductivity and low electrical resistance. [1]
Nuclear reaction [Bismuth alloy]
Bismuth and lead elements have similar abilities，which is to absorb X-rays. Therefore, in nuclear reactors, high-purity bismuth is often used as a heat carrier or coolant. It is also commonly used in atomic fission devices. [8]
Preparation of fusible alloy [Bismuth]
One of the main uses of bismuth is to prepare fusible alloys with metals such as Sb, In, Cd, and Pb, and to control the melting point below 200 °C. [3]
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Technology research and development (experimental stage
Research and application of nanometer ultrafine bismuth oxide [Bismuth oxychloride]
Due to the small particle size, the nano-bismuth oxide can make the polymer material have a distinctive ductility. [8]
If nano-sized bismuth oxide is added to the polymer material for flame-retardant treatment, then the self-extinguishing property and flame retardancy of the polymer material can be achieved. [9]
Research and application of nanometer bismuth phosphate [Bismuth phosphate]
Nanometer bismuth phosphate is a new type of photocatalyst that can replace high-cost silica. Under ultraviolet light, nanometer bismuth phosphate can degrade a series of organic compounds including phenols, benzenes, drugs and polystyrene. [10]
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References
[1] Zutao Guo. The development and applications of bismuth. Chemical intermediate. 9. 07. (2017).
[2] Yihong Qin. The application and future development of deep processing bismuth. World Nonferrous Metals. 4. (1998).
[3] Gustau Catalan and James F. Scott. Physics and Applications of Bismuth Ferrite. Advanced materials. 21. 2463-2485. (2009).
[4] Jiyong Xia. Preparation of nano-superfine bismuth oxide and its application prospects in flame retardants. Modernization. 6. (2008).
[5] Guopin Zhang. The application and future application of bismuth. China Tungsten Industry. 6. (1992).
[6] Wei Li, Kechao Zhou and Hua Yang. Progress in the application of bismuth oxide. Journal of Material Science & Engineering. 1004-793X01-0154-03. (2004).
[7] Vania C. De Sousa. Marcio R. Moreiii. Ruth H. G. Kiminami. Combustion process in the synthesis of ZnO-Bi2 O3 [J]. Ceramics International. 26: 561 ~ 564. (2000).
[8] Xiaojing Zhang. Sai Zhang. Application of ruthenium and its composite materials in photocatalysis. Progress in chemistry. DOI: 10.7536/PC160632. (2016).
[9] Hellwig H, Liebert J, Bohaty L. Linear optical properties of the monoclinic bismuth borate BiB3O6 [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 88:240-244. (2000).
[10] National Nonferrous Metals Industry Bureau. Non-ferrous metal industry "Fifteen Year" Science and Technology Development Plan. 2001: 11-17