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Three Typical Alloys with Ni&Cr Additions
Manufacturing
316 stainless steel
1. Melting:
First, the raw materials are combined. Then, they are heated to become molten. It typically takes around 8-12 hours for the materials to melt, and the blast furnace is heated to an exceptionally high temperature of more than 2500 degrees. However, the length of time that it takes to melt the materials varies depending on the equipment that's being used.
2. Casting:
Then, the molten is put into a cast. At this step, the steel begins to harden into standardized shapes. These shapes are blooms (rectangular), slabs, rods, tube rounds, and billets. Billets can either be round or square. The size of billets also varies considerably. While the time that it takes to cool varies depending on a variety of factors, it typically takes a significant period of time for the steel to fully cool in the cast.
3. Forming:
During forming, steel is passed through large rollers and heated. This can turn the steel into a sort of wire. Blooms and billets can be made into bars. Slabs can be formed into plates, sheets, or strips. These materials vary significantly in size. However, there are certain standard dimensions for bars. They are typically 0.25 inches in diameter, and they can come in different shapes. Often times, bars are hexagon shaped, squares, octagon shaped, or round. The diameter of wire also varies. However, it is generally not more than 0.5 inches thick. However, stainless steel 316 wire can be much thinner than this. Plate is always at least 0.1875 inches thick. It also is at least 10 inches in width. Strips are at least 0.185 thick, and they are under 24 inches wide. Sheets are 0.1875 inches in thickness, and they are at least 24 inches wide.
4. Cutting:
There are different methods that can be used to cut stainless steel 316. Mechanical methods are often used. This can involve using exceptionally sharp blades and large amounts of force. In other cases, a steel cutting saw is used. Sometimes, processes known as blanking and nibbling are used. However, high temperatures can also be utilized. In some cases, this is done with a high temperature flame. However, plasma can also be used.
5. Finishes:
While finishes are not always added, they are quite commonplace. Finishes can sometimes help to improve the longevity of the steel. Also, it can be used to prevent objects from sticking to the metal. In other cases, the finish can make the steel easier to clean. These are just some possible uses of finishes for stainless steel 316, and there are many possible uses of them. In some cases, a mirror finish can be applied. This makes the steel highly reflective [16].
Inconel690
Grinding is a preferred and economical method for forming Nickel alloy components to shape and finish. Due to the hardness of the abrasives used, the grinding wheels are not as affected by the material work hardening and remain sharp and durable.
Incoloy800
Hot-work
1. At the temperature range 1200 ~950°C, the cooling mode is water quenching or rapid air cooling.
2. In order to obtain the best performance and creep resistance, solid solution treatment should be carried out after hot working.
3. The material can be directly fed into the furnace which has been heated up to 1200 °C. After enough time of heat preservation, the material can be quickly discharged from the furnace and hot-processed in the prescribed temperature range. When the material temperature drops below the temperature of hot working, it needs to be reheated.
Cold-work
1. The work hardening rate is higher than that of austenitic stainless steel, so it is necessary to select the processing equipment. The cold-working material should be in the state of solution heat treatment, and intermediate annealing should be carried out when the cold-working quantity is large.
2. If the cold working quantity is more than 10%, the workpiece needs to be treated by secondary solid solution treatment [17].